Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Sign/Symptoms
Breath Shortness (Dyspnoea) Breathing Rapid Hyperventilation (Tachypnea) Breathing: Respiratory Distress Breathing: Visible Increased Effort (Use of Accessory Muscles) Chest Tightness Cough Cough Productive Enlarged Chest (Hyperinflation) Fatigue Lower Respiratory Tract Infection Respiratory Chest Infection Upper Respiratory Tract Infection Wheezing

Drugs
Fluticasone

Treatments
Lifestyle Changes Avoidance of Cold Air Weakly in Favour Low Evidence

Attributes
Commonality is uncommon

Further Tests
Apolipoprotein B Concentration Apolipoprotein B (Apo B) (Decreased) Carbon Dioxide Total Content (TCO2) Carbon Dioxide Total Content (TCO2) (Increased) Functional Residual Capacity Functional Residual Capacity (Decreased) Heamatocrit (Hct) RBC Mass (Increased) Hemoglobin (Hb) Concentration Hemoglobin (Hb) (Increased) Partial Pressure of Arterial Carbon Dioxide (PCO2, PaCO2) Partial Pressure of Arterial Carbon Dioxide (PaCO2) (Increased) Spirometry Forced Expiratory Flow Between 25% and 75% of FVC (FEF25-75) (Decreased) Triglyceride (TGs) Concentration Triglycerides (Decreased)

Efficacy of Alternative and Mental Health Treatments According to GRADE* Ranking:

Tai Chi:

Recommendation: weakly in favor (evidence shows that Tai Chi has supportive benefits in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease)

Grade of Evidence: low quality of evidence

* www.gradeworkinggroup.org

Summary References

Treatments:

1. http://pats.atsjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/3/3/234

2. http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/dci/Diseases/Copd/Copd_SignsAndSymptoms.html

3. http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000091.htm

4. http://www.medicinenet.com/chronic_obstructive_pulmonary_disease_copd/page4.htm

5. http://www.patient.co.uk/health/Chronic-Obstructive-Pulmonary-Disease.htm

6. http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Chronic-obstructive-pulmonary-disease/Pages/Introduction.aspx

7. http://www.bbc.co.uk/health/physical_health/conditions/copd1.shtml

8. http://www.copd-international.com/

9. http://www.merck.com/mmhe/sec04/ch045/ch045a.html

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