Kidney Cancer

Sign/Symptoms
Abdominal Swelling Blood in Urine (Hematuria) Cachexia (Weight Loss, Muscle Wasting, Fatigue, Weakness) Constipation Enlargement of Veins around Testicle (Varicocele) Face Becomes Pale Fever (Raised Body Temperature) Fluid Collection in Abdominal Cavity (Ascites) Hair Growth Excessive (Hirsutism) Kidney (Renal) Impairment Night Sweats Pain Abdominal Pain Back Pain Side (Flank) Pain: Abdominal, Radiating to Groin Pain: Lower Abdomen Skin: Pale, Lack of Colour (Pallid Complexion) Visual Disturbances Weight Loss (Body Mass Index Decreased)

Drugs
Fentanyl

Treatments
Surgery Resection Nephrectomy Arterial Embolisation Medical Procedure Radiation Treatment Vitamins Copper Weakly in Favour Very Low Evidence Molybdenum (Mo, Sodium Molybdate, Ammonium Molybdate) Weakly in Favour Very Low Evidence Minerals Copper Weakly in Favour Very Low Evidence Molybdenum (Mo, Sodium Molybdate, Ammonium Molybdate) Weakly in Favour Very Low Evidence Medical Therapy Radiation Treatment Weakly in Favour Low Evidence Arterial Embolisation Weakly in Favour Low Evidence Nephrectomy Weakly in Favour Low Evidence Resection Weakly in Favour Low Evidence

Attributes
Commonality is uncommon

Further Tests
Acid Phosphatase Concentration Acid Phosphatase (Increased) Alpha-1 Antitrypsin (AAT) Concentration Alpha-1 Antintrypsin (AAT) (Increased) Alpha-Fetoprotein (AFP, Serum AFP, Blood) Alpha-Fetoprotein (Non-Pregnant, Serum) (Increased) Antithrombin 111 (AT-111) Activity Test Antithrombin 111 (AT-111) (Decreased) Apolipoprotein B Concentration Apolipoprotein B (Apo B) (Increased) Blood Uric Acid Concentration Test Uric Acid, Blood (Increased) Calcitonin (Thyrocalcitonin) Concentration Calcitonin (CT) (Increased) Calcium Concentration (Blood, Total) Calcium (Blood, Total) (Increased) Cerebrospinal Fluid Glucose Concentration Glucose (Cerebrospinal Fluid) (Decreased) Cerebrospinal Fluid Protein Concentration Cerebrospinal Fluid Total Protein (Increased) Cerebrospinal Fluid White Cell Differential Cerebrospinal Fluid Leukocytes (Increased) Cerebrospinal Fluid Neutrophil Differential (Increased) Creatinine Clearance (CrCl) Creatinine Clearance Rate (Decreased) Creatinine Concentration (Blood, Serum Creatinine) Creatinine (Blood) (Increased) erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (Increased) Fibrin Degradation Products (FDPs, Fibrin Split Products, FSPs, Fibrin Breakdown Products, Fbps) Fibrin Split Products (Increased) Fibrin Monomers Test Fibrin Monomers (Increased) Fibrinogen Concentration test Fibrinogen (Increased) Fibrinopeptide A (FPA) Action Assay Fibrinopeptide A (FPA) (Increased) Folic Acid (Folate) Concentration Folic Acid (Folate) (Decreased) Gamma-Glutamyltransferase (GGT) Concentration Gamma-Glutamyltransferase (GGT) (Increased) haptoglobin (Hp) concentration haptoglobin (Hp) (Increased) Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL) Concentration Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL) (Decreased) Potassium Concentration (K, Blood) Potassium (K, Blood) (Decreased) Protein Electrophoresis (Blood, Serum Protein) Albumin (Blood) (Decreased) Alpha-2-Globulin (Blood, Serum) (Increased) Gamma Globulin (Blood, Serum) (Increased) Protein S Concentration Protein S (Decreased) Red Blood Cell (RBC) Count Red Blood Cells (RBC) (Decreased) Thyroid Stimulating Horomone (TSH) Concentration Thyroid Stimulating Horomone (TSH) (Increased) Thyroxine (Total T4) Concentration Thyroxine (Total T4) (Decreased) Thyroxine (Total T4) (Decreased) Triglyceride (TGs) Concentration Triglycerides (Increased) Triiodothyronine (Free T3) Concentration Triiodothyronine (Free T3) (Decreased) Triiodothyronine (Total T3) Concentration Triiodothyronine (Total T3) (Decreased) Triiodothyronine (Total T3) (Decreased) Triiodothyronine Uptake Test Triiodothyronine Uptake Percentage (Increased) Urine Albumin 24hr test Urine Albumin (Increased) Urine Chloride Concentration Urine Chloride (Decreased) Urine Crystal Concentration Calcium Oxalate Crystals (Urine) (Increased) Urine Estriol (E3) Concentration Urine Estriol (E3) (Increased) Urine Fatty Cast Concentration Urine Fatty Cast (Increased) Urine Haemologlobin (Hb) Concentration Urine Haemoglobin (Hb) (Increased) Urine Red Blood Cells Concentration Urine Red Blood Cells (Increased) Vitamin B12 (VB12) Concentration Vitamin B12 (VB12) (Decreased) White Blood Cell (WBC) Count White Blood Cell (WBC) (Increased)

Efficacy of Alternative and Other Treatments According to GRADE* Ranking:

Molybdenum (Mo, Sodium Molybdate) [1, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8]:

Please note, this management does NOT treat the condition itself. It may mildly help with some of the symptoms, and even then has insufficient evidence to back up this claim at present.

Recommendation: Weakly in favor (Laboratory studies show that kidney cancer may respond to Molybdenum, however more research on human subjects is needed)

Grade of Evidence: very low quality of evidence

Copper [1, 2, 3]:

Please note, this management does NOT treat the condition itself. It may mildly help with some of the symptoms, and even then has insufficient evidence to back up this claim at present.

Recommendation: weakly in favor (studies have shown that treatment with a copper-lowering drug may help to treat kidney cancer, but these are early trials, and more studies are needed)

Grade of Evidence: low quality of evidence

* www.gradeworkinggroup.org

Summary References

Treatments:

1. Ades T, Alteri R, Gansler T, Yeargin P, "Complete Guide to Complimentary & Alternative Cancer Therapies", American Cancer Society, Atlanta USA, 2009

2. http://www.cancer.org/Treatment/TreatmentsandSideEffects/ComplementaryandAlternativeMedicine/HerbsVitaminsandMinerals/copper

3. http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002419.htm

4. http://www.cancer.org/Treatment/TreatmentsandSideEffects/ComplementaryandAlternativeMedicine/HerbsVitaminsandMinerals/molybdenum

5. http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/infocenter/minerals/molybdenum/

6. Hassouneh B, Islam M, Nagel T, Pan Q, Merajver SD, Teknos TN. Tetrathiomolybdate promotes tumor necrosis and prevents distant metastases by suppressing angiogenesis in head and neck cancer. Mol Cancer Ther. 2007;6:1039-1045.

7. Cassileth B. The Alternative Medicine Handbook: The Complete Reference Guide to Alternative and Complementary Therapies. New York, NY: W.W. Norton; 1998.

8. Nakadaira H, Endoh K, Yamamoto M, Katoh K. Distribution of selenium and molybdenum and cancer mortality in Niigata, Japan. Arch Environ Health. 1995;50:374-380.

9. William Roberts and Robert Maguire (1885). A practical treatise on urinary and renal diseases (4th ed.). Smith, Elder and Co.. pp. 697. http://books.google.com/?id=PoE5LAtmJqIC&pg=PA581. , page 581

10. Barjorin D. Tumors of the kidney, bladder, ureters, and renal pelvis. In: Goldman L, Ausiello D, eds. Cecil Medicine. 23rd ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier; 2007:chap 2007.

11. National Comprehensive Cancer Network Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology: Kidney Cancer. V.1.2009. National Comprehensive Cancer Network; 2009.

12. http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/wyntk/kidney/page5

13. http://www.cancer.org/Cancer/KidneyCancer/DetailedGuide/kidney-cancer-adult-what-is-kidney-cancer

14. http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/kidney-cancer/DS00360

15. http://www.medicinenet.com/kidney_cancer/page3.htm#symptoms

16. http://www.urologychannel.com/kidneycancer/index.shtml

17. http://www.macmillan.org.uk/Cancerinformation/Cancertypes/Kidney/Symptomsdiagnosis/Symptoms.aspx

18. http://www.patient.co.uk/health/Cancer-of-the-Kidney.htm

19. http://www.patient.co.uk/health/Cancer-of-the-Kidney.htm

20. http://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/bhcv2/bhcarticles.nsf/pages/Kidney_cancer

21. http://cancer.about.com/od/kidneycancerrenalcell/a/kidneysymptoms.htm

22. http://www.cancer.ca/Canada-wide/About cancer/Types of cancer/What is kidney cancer.aspx

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