Hepatitis D Infection

Also Know As Delta Hepatitis

Sign/Symptoms
Appetite Loss (Anorexia) Liver: Cirrhosis Mind: Lethargy Nausea Pain Joint (Arthralgia) Skin Yellowing (Jaundice) Stool Pale Urine Dark

Drugs

Our Records are Incomplete for Drugs

Treatments
Surgery Liver Transplant Medical Procedure Interferon Supportive Treatment Immunoprophylaxis Vitamins Selenium Supplementation No Recommendation Very Low Evidence Minerals Selenium Supplementation No Recommendation Very Low Evidence Lifestyle Changes Reduce or Stop Alcohol Consumption Strongly in Favour High Evidence Medical Therapy Immunoprophylaxis Weakly in Favour Low Evidence Interferon Weakly in Favour Low Evidence Liver Transplant Weakly in Favour Low Evidence

Attributes
Commonality is rare Commonality for Third World Countries is rare Commonality for Afghanistan is rare Commonality for Pakistan is rare Commonality for South Africa is rare Commonality for Zimbabwe is rare Commonality for East Africa is rare Commonality for Sub Saharan Africa is rare

Further Tests
Acid Phosphatase Concentration Acid Phosphatase (Increased) Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (APTT) Plasma thromboplastin antecedent (Increased) Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) Concentration Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) (Increased) Alpha-1 Antitrypsin (AAT) Concentration Alpha-1 Antintrypsin (AAT) (Increased) Alpha-Fetoprotein (AFP, Serum AFP, Blood) Alpha-Fetoprotein (Non-Pregnant, Serum) (Increased) Ammonia Concentration Test Ammonia (Increased) Ammonia (Increased) amylase concentration Amylase (Decreased) Antithrombin 111 (AT-111) Activity Test Antithrombin 111 (AT-111) (Increased) Apolipoprotein A Concentration Apolipoprotein A (Apo A) (Decreased) Apolipoprotein B Concentration Apolipoprotein B (Apo B) (Increased) Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST) Concentration Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST) (Increased) Blood Urea Nitrogen Tests Blood Urea Nitrogen (Decreased) Blood Uric Acid Concentration Test Uric Acid, Blood (Decreased) Cerebrospinal Fluid Albumin Concentration Albumin (Cerebrospinal Fluid, CSF) (Increased) Cerebrospinal Fluid Protein Concentration Cerebrospinal Fluid Total Protein (Increased) Cerebrospinal Fluid Protein Electrophoresis Prealbumin (Increased) Albumin (Cerebrospinal Fluid, CSF) (Increased) Cerebrospinal Fluid White Cell Differential Cerebrospinal Fluid Leukocytes (Increased) Cholesterol Concentration Cholesterol (Total) (Increased) Cholinesterase (Serum Acetylcholinesterase, Pseudocholinesterase) Cholinesterase (Decreased) Coagulation Factor Assay (Blood Clotting Factors) Factor II (Prothrombin, Percentage of Normal Value) (Decreased) Factor XI (Plasma Thromboplastin Antecedent, Percentage of Normal Value) (Decreased) Factor X (Stuart Prower Factor, Percentage of Normal Value) (Decreased) Factor IX (Christmas Factor, Percentage of Normal Value) (Decreased) Factor V (Labile Factor, Proaccelerin, Percentage of Normal Value) (Decreased) Factor XII (Hageman Factor, Percentage of Normal Value) (Decreased) Creatine Kinase Concentration Creatine Kinase (CK) (Decreased) D-Dimer Blood Test D-Dimer (Increased) Eosinophils Count Eosinophils (Decreased) Fecal Urobilinogen Concentration Urobilinogen (Stools) (Decreased) Ferritin Concentration Ferritin (Increased) Fibrin Degradation Products (FDPs, Fibrin Split Products, FSPs, Fibrin Breakdown Products, Fbps) Fibrin Split Products (Increased) Fibrin Monomers Test Fibrin Monomers (Increased) Fibrinogen Concentration test Fibrinogen (Increased) Fibrinopeptide A (FPA) Action Assay Fibrinopeptide A (FPA) (Increased) Gamma-Glutamyltransferase (GGT) Concentration Gamma-Glutamyltransferase (GGT) (Increased) Glucagon Concentration Test Glucagon (Increased) Glucose 6 Phosphate Dehydrogenase (G6PD) Concentration Glucose 6 Phosphate Dehydrogenase (G6PD) (Decreased) haptoglobin (Hp) concentration haptoglobin (Hp) (Increased) High Density Lipoprotein (HDL) Concentration High Density Lipoprotein (HDL) (Decreased) Lactate Dehydrogenase Concentration Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) (Increased) lipase concentration Lipase (Increased) Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL) Concentration Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL) (Increased) Lymphocytes Count Lymphocytes (Increased) Monocyte Absolute Count Monocytes (Increased) Neutrophil Absolute Count Segmented Neutrophils (Decreased) Phenylketonuria Test Phenylalanine (Increased) Plasminogen Activity Plasminogen (Decreased) Potassium Concentration (K, Blood) Potassium (K, Blood) (Increased) Protein Electrophoresis (Blood, Serum Protein) Albumin (Blood) (Decreased) Alpha-1-Globulin (Blood, Serum) (Increased) Alpha-2-Globulin (Blood, Serum) (Decreased) Beta Globulin (Increased) Prothrombin Time (PT) Prothrombin Time (Increased) Thyroglobulin (Tg) Concentration Thyroglobulin (Tg) (Increased) Thyroxine (Total T4) Concentration Thyroxine (Total T4) (Increased) Thyroxine (Total T4) (Increased) Thyroxine Binding Globulin Concentration (TBG, Thyroid Binding Globulin, Blood) Thyroxine Binding Globulin (TBG, Thyroid Binding Globulin, Blood) (Increased) Triiodothyronine (Free T3) Concentration Triiodothyronine (Free T3) (Decreased) Triiodothyronine (Total T3) Concentration Triiodothyronine (Total T3) (Increased) Triiodothyronine (Total T3) (Increased) Triiodothyronine Uptake Test Triiodothyronine Uptake Percentage (Decreased) Urine Amino Acid Concentration Alanine (Urine) (Increased) Alpha Aminoadipic Acid (Urine) (Increased) Alpha Amino N Buryric Acid (Urine) (Increased) Arginine (Urine) (Increased) Asparagine (Urine) (Increased) Carnosine (Urine) (Increased) Aspartic Acid (Urine) (Increased) Citrulline (Urine) (Increased) Cystine (Urine) (Increased) Glutamic Acid (Urine) (Increased) Glutamine (Urine) (Increased) Glycine (Urine) (Increased) Histidine (Urine) (Increased) Isoleucine (Urine) (Increased) Lysine (Urine) (Increased) Methionine (Urine) (Increased) 1 Methylhistidine (Urine) (Increased) 3 Methylhistidine (Urine) (Increased) Ornithine (Urine) (Increased) Phenylalanine (Urine) (Increased) Phosphoserine (Urine) (Increased) Phosphoethanolamine (Urine) (Increased) Proline (Urine) (Increased) Taurine (Urine) (Increased) Threonine (Urine) (Increased) Tyrosine (Urine) (Increased) Valine (Urine) (Increased) Serine (Urine) (Increased) Urine Amylase Excretion Rate Urine Amylase (Decreased) Urine bilirubin Concentration Urine bilirubin (Increased) Urine glucose concentration Urine glucose (Increased) Urine Porphyrin Concentration Uroporphyrin (Increased) Urine Sodium Quantitative (24hr) Urine Sodium (Decreased) Urine Urobilinogen Concentration Urobilinogen (Urine) (Increased) Vitamin B12 (VB12) Concentration Vitamin B12 (VB12) (Increased) White Blood Cell (WBC) Count White Blood Cell (WBC) (Increased)

Efficacy of Alternative and Other Treatments According to GRADE* Ranking:

Selenium Supplement [4, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16]:

Please note, this management does NOT treat the condition itself. It may mildly help with some of the symptoms, and even then has insufficient evidence to back up this claim at present. IMPORTANT: Selenium is toxic in high doses. Massive overdoses can cause kidney failure, breathing difficulty and death. Selenium should only be taken at healthy levels which the body is able to tolerate.

Recommendation: no recommendation (Available evidene does not support claims that selenium helps to prevent or treat hepatitis)

Grade of Evidence: very low quality of evidence

Chlorella (Green Algae, Chlorella Pyrenoidosa) [4, 5, 6, 7]:

Please note, this management does NOT treat the condition itself. It may mildly help with some of the symptoms, and even then has insufficient evidence to back up this claim at present.

Recommendation: no recommendation (There is insufficient evidence to support claims that Chlorella helps to treat hepatitis in any way)

Grade of Evidence: very low quality of evidence

* www.gradeworkinggroup.org

Summary References

Treatments:

1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1955130?dopt=Abstract

2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15188169?dopt=Abstract

3. http://www.merck.com/mmpe/sec03/ch027/ch027b.html#sec03-ch027-ch027b-448

4. Ades T, Alteri R, Gansler T, Yeargin P, "Complete Guide to Complimentary & Alternative Cancer Therapies", American Cancer Society, Atlanta USA, 2009

5. Nakano, S et al. “Maternal-fetal distribution and transfer of dioxins in pregnant women in Japan, and attempts to reduce maternal transfer with Chlorella (Chlorella pyrenoidosa) supplements...” Chemosphere 2005 Dec; 61(9): 1244–55.

6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?cmd=retrieve&db=pubmed&list_uids=11347287&dopt=Abstract

7. http://www.cancer.org/Treatment/TreatmentsandSideEffects/ComplementaryandAlternativeMedicine/HerbsVitaminsandMinerals/chlorella

8. http://www.cancer.org/Treatment/TreatmentsandSideEffects/ComplementaryandAlternativeMedicine/HerbsVitaminsandMinerals/selenium?sitearea=ETO

9. http://www.cancer.gov/Templates/doc.aspx?viewid=ED8AD8E8-6AE5-458D-8091-393F4CB73F0D

10. http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/natural/patient-selenium.html

11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9290116

12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9829869

13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10335455

14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2136228

15. http://www.springerlink.com/content/v0r644v4ju5153k2/

16. http://jnci.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/101/5/283

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