Malaria

Sign/Symptoms
Anaemia (Anemia) Appetite Loss (Anorexia) Blood Glucose Levels Low or Decreased (Hypoglycaemia, Hypoglycemia) Chills Cough Hacking Diarrhoea (Diarrhea) Fever (Raised Body Temperature) Headache (Cephalgia) Liver Enlarged Or Tender Lung Fluid Accumulation (Oedema Pulmonary) Mind: Malaise Muscle Aches Pain Muscle (Myalgia) Seizures Shivering shock Skin Yellowing (Jaundice) Spleen Enlarged

Drugs
Doxycycline Hydroxychloroquine Mefloquine Primaquine Proguanil Quinidine Quinine

Treatments
Medical Procedure Exchange Transfusion MEDICAL EMERGENCIES SEEK IMMEDIATE PROFESSIONAL HELP Alternative Medicine St Johns Wort (Goatweed, Tipton Weed, Hypericum Perforatum) No Recommendation Low Evidence Pau Darco (Lapachol, Tabebuia Impetiginosa, Tabebuia Heptaphylla) Strongly Against Very Low Evidence Medical Therapy Exchange Transfusion Weakly in Favour Low Evidence SEEK IMMEDIATE PROFESSIONAL HELP Strongly in Favour Moderate Evidence

Attributes
Commonality for Southern India is common Commonality for South East Asia is common Commonality for South America is common Commonality for Russia is rare Commonality for Afghanistan is common Commonality for Pakistan is common Commonality for Australia is rare Commonality for South Africa is common Commonality for Europe is rare Commonality for North America is rare Commonality for China is common Commonality for Zimbabwe is common Commonality for East Africa is common Commonality for Central America is common Commonality for Central Africa is common Commonality for Sub Saharan Africa is common Commonality for North Africa is common

Further Tests
Erythrocyte Fragility Test (Osmotic Fragility, OF) Percentage NaCl at which Hemolysis begins (Increased) Percentage NaCl at which Hemolysis is complete (Increased) haptoglobin (Hp) concentration haptoglobin (Hp) (Decreased) Malaria Smear Test (Plasmodium Falciparum, Malariae, Vivax or Ovale Giemsa Stained Smear) Plasmodium Falciparum, Malariae, Vivax or Ovale Smear Positive (Malaria Giemsa Stain Positive) (Increased) Plasmodium Falciparum, Malariae, Vivax or Ovale Smear Positive (Malaria Giemsa Stain Positive) (Increased) Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration (MCHC) Hemoglobin (Hb) (Increased) Monocyte Absolute Count Monocytes (Increased) Reticulocyte Count Percent Total RBC Reticulocytes (Increased) Urine Red Blood Cells Concentration Urine Red Blood Cells (Increased)

Efficacy of Alternative and Other Treatments According to GRADE* Ranking:

St John's Wort (Goatweed, tipton weed, Hypericum Perforatum) [1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13]:

Please note, this management does NOT treat the condition itself. It may mildly help with some of the symptoms, and even then has insufficient evidence to back up this claim at present.

Recommendation: No recommendation (Available evidence does not support claims that St Johns Wort can help to treat malaria)

Grade of Evidence: low quality of evidence

Pau D'Arco (Lapachol, Tabebuia Impetiginosa, Tabebuia Heptaphylla) [1, 2]:

Please note, this treatment has potentially serious side effects. Some of the chemicals in the plant are known to be toxic. High doses are known to cause liver and kidney. Even at low doses, chemicals in the plant may interfere with blood clotting, causing excess bleeding and anaemia. Pau D'Arco should be avoided, especially by pregnant or breastfeeding women.

Recommendation: Strongly against (Laboratory tests have shown that Pau D'arco can be effective in the treatment of Malaria. However, further studies are needed on its effect in humans. This, combined with its potentially harmful side effects if taken without supervision from a doctor or pharmacist gives enough reason to avoid this treatment.)

Grade of Evidence: very low quality of evidence

Red Pepper (Capsaicin):

Please note, this management does NOT treat the condition itself. It is proposed only as a weak supportive symptomatic support, and even then, has insufficient evidence to back up this claim at present.

Recommendation: no recommendation (Available evidence does not support claims that Red Peppers help to treat or prevent Malaria in any way)

Grade of Evidence: low quality of evidence

* www.gradeworkinggroup.org

Summary References

Treatments:

1. Ades T, Alteri R, Gansler T, Yeargin P, "Complete Guide to Complimentary & Alternative Cancer Therapies", American Cancer Society, Atlanta USA, 2009

2. http://www.cancer.org/Treatment/TreatmentsandSideEffects/ComplementaryandAlternativeMedicine/HerbsVitaminsandMinerals/pau-d-arco

3. http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/natural/patient-stjohnswort.html

4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18843608

5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11939866

6. http://nccam.nih.gov/health/stjohnswort/ataglance.htm

7. http://nccam.nih.gov/health/stjohnswort/sjw-and-depression.htm

8. http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/depression/how-is-depression-detected-and-treated.shtml

9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11939872

10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12132963

11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16423519

12. http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/299/22/2633

13. http://www.cancer.org/Treatment/TreatmentsandSideEffects/ComplementaryandAlternativeMedicine/HerbsVitaminsandMinerals/st-johns-wort

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